Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) [San Pedro Cactus Wiki]

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====== Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) ======
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===== Overview =====
Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) is a viral pathogen (specifically a tobamovirus, with strains like Sammons virus noted on Opuntia) discussed among cactus growers regarding distinct epidermal patterning and long-term scarring. While some growers consider it a manageable, non-fatal condition requiring only plant isolation, others view it as an incurable issue that eventually degrades the plant's health, prompting culling. Although some community members question whether TMV is proven to infect cacti, others point to positive test results shared by recognized community authority Gee Bee, who did not directly participate in these discussion threads.

===== Symptoms & Identification =====
According to community members, TMV presents with specific visual markers that distinguish it from standard environmental damage. Jesse Joseph Scrabonia notes that TMV typically leaves crescents, crescent moons, or hollow circles on the epidermis that fill in over time. Jackson Evans adds that TMV (such as Sammons virus on Opuntia) displays an iconic, highly distinctive "bullseye" print pattern, while Brad Albert notes that TMV has a characteristic "mosaic" or "swirly" pattern.

Because viral symptoms can be ambiguous, TMV is frequently confused with other pests and environmental disorders. In community discussions, alternative diagnoses for similar epidermal patterns include:
  * **Sucker bug damage:** Pests (such as the cactus bug) feed on plant tissue, leaving marks that can sometimes form a spiral pattern. Unlike viral lesions, these marks generally resolve over time (Jesse Joseph Scrabonia, Vino Torres, Brad Albert, Otto Kremmer).
  * **Soil pH and nutrient issues:** Acidic or basic soil pH blocking nutrient uptake, potassium deficiency, or direct nutrient burn (Jesse Joseph Scrabonia, Connor Carlile, Chad M. Lane, Michael R. Hughes, Nicholas Daswyrd).
  * **Environmental Stress:** Stress due to light, temperature, or other factors can cause similar epidermal markings (Paul Smyle, Vino Torres).
  * **Other viral strains:** Tricho Thomas noted that lesions lacking distinct crescent or hollow circle patterns may point to a different viral type rather than TMV.

Note that many famous trichocereus clones are infected with TMV including for example SS02 and RS0005. Gee Bee says that TMV has been shown to increase alkaloid content in infected plants.

===== Cause & Spread =====
TMV is a contagious viral infection. Ryan Conway confirms that the virus can spread between plants within a collection. Peter Nehen notes that the virus is often brought out by environmental stressors and frequently originates from graft carryover. Rick Ghaly observed through testing various treatments that the virus is persistent and does not go away, eventually catching up to the plant's health over time. While there is some community skepticism regarding whether TMV is proven to infect cacti, reports indicate that positive test results have been documented within the community.

===== Treatment & Management =====
Community members offer differing strategies for managing TMV and ruling out lookalike conditions:

  * **Isolation:** Ryan Conway advises isolating infected cacti from the rest of the collection to prevent contagious spread, though he notes the plant itself can be left to grow.
  * **Culling:** Rick Ghaly recommends discarding (tossing) plants once symptoms appear, noting that neither the best nor worst treatments eliminate the virus.
  * **No Cure:** Peter Nehen states that you cannot truly fix the virus, though it is not fatal.
  * **Soil & Nutrient Management (for lookalike symptoms):** Jesse Joseph Scrabonia outlines steps to address non-viral lookalikes:
    * **pH Testing:** Test soil pH at multiple depths using a reagent and test-tube kit. Probe-type meters should be avoided as inaccurate. Correcting extreme pH allows roots to properly absorb nutrients.
    * **Soil Amendments:** Top dress soil with gypsum to improve nutrient uptake.
    * **Pest Control:** Monitor for and manage sucker bugs, as pest damage will naturally heal over time unlike viral lesions.
  * **Pest Control (for Sucker Bugs):** 
    * **Systemic Insecticides:** Brad Albert recommends Imidacloprid, a systemic insecticide sprayed on the plant that gets inside the tissue to eliminate chewing and sucking pests.
    * **Insecticidal Soap:** Jacob Mendenhall suggests spritzing pests with insecticidal soap, noting it works especially well when the bugs are young, whereas adults are more resistant.

<ifauth @trusted_grower,@admin>
===== Reported Cases =====
//Community examples - the photos above belong to these reporters; credit them.//

^ Date ^ Reporter ^ Diagnosed by ^ Key note / quote ^
| 2026-06-15 | Carlos Lopez | Ryan Conway | "TMV. No concern. Let it grow. However TMV is contagious so I would encourage isolation from the rest of your collection." |
| 2026-06-15 | Carlos Lopez | Jesse Joseph Scrabonia | "TMV tends to leave crescents or hollow circles that fill in over time. This doesn't quite fit the description." |
| 2026-02-23 | Anies Clarenc | Peter Nehen | "TMV. Brought out by stressors. Usually comes from graft carryover. Cant really fix it, but also not fatal" |
| 2026-02-23 | Anies Clarenc | Brad Albert | "Not TMV... This is from sucker bugs that suck on the plant and cause these marks" |
| 2026-02-23 | Anies Clarenc | Jackson Evans | "TMV has an iconic bullseye print pattern" |
| 2026-02-23 | Anies Clarenc | Jesse Joseph Scrabonia | "Not TMV, it’s nutrient deficiency. TMV has tell tale crescent moons or empty circles" |
| 2026-02-23 | Anies Clarenc | Michael R. Hughes | "Nutrient deficiency. Defiently not Tobacco mosaic virus. Not showing any of the tell tale signs of tmv." |
| 2025-12-23 | Benjamin Schwarzschild | Brad Albert | "No.Tmv is swirly thats why they call it mosiac virus" |
| 2025-12-23 | Benjamin Schwarzschild | Nicholas Daswyrd | "ive seen plenty experts say this pattern is nutrient deficiency and its commonly misdiagnosed as TMV as usual" |
| 2025-12-16 | Benjamin Schwarzschild | Paul Smyle | "It's a form of stress due light, temperature or other factors. I couldn't say if it's tmv or not (others told me tmv isn't even proven to infect cacti)." |

===== Contributor Confidence =====
//Visible to trusted reviewers only.//

^ Contributor ^ Confidence ^
| Ryan Conway | 6/10 |
| Jesse Joseph Scrabonia | 7/10 |
| Peter Nehen | 6/10 |
| Brad Albert | 7/10 |
| Jackson Evans | 7/10 |
| Michael R. Hughes | 6/10 |
| Nicholas Daswyrd | 6/10 |
| Paul Smyle | 6/10 |


</ifauth>
===== Notes & Contradictions =====
  * **Absence of Standing Authority:** Recognized expert Gee Bee did not directly participate in these discussion threads. However, Aay Jay noted in December 2025 that Gee Bee had recently posted positive mosaic virus test results in the group, providing authoritative support for the virus's presence in cacti.
  * **Cacti Susceptibility to TMV:** There is a contradiction regarding whether TMV actually infects cacti. Paul Smyle stated that some sources claim TMV has not been proven to infect cacti, whereas Aay Jay countered this by referencing Gee Bee's positive test results.
  * **Culling vs. Retention:** A clear contradiction exists regarding plant prognosis. Rick Ghaly asserts that treatment is ineffective and advocates tossing infected plants before the virus catches up to them. Conversely, Ryan Conway and Peter Nehen view TMV as a non-fatal condition, with Conway recommending isolation rather than destruction.
  * **TMV vs. Sucker Bugs / Nutrient Deficiency:** There is significant disagreement on whether the symptoms shown in the community photos represent TMV or are actually sucker bug damage / nutrient deficiencies. Multiple experienced growers (Brad Albert, Jackson Evans, Jesse Joseph Scrabonia, Michael R. Hughes, Nicholas Daswyrd) strongly argue against a TMV diagnosis for these cases, pointing to the lack of classic mosaic, crescent, or bullseye patterns.

===== References =====
  * Anies Clarenc (Photo contributor and case reporter)
  * Carlos Lopez (Photo contributor and case reporter)
  * Benjamin Schwarzschild (Photo contributor and case reporter)
  * Jesse Joseph Scrabonia (Community contributor)
  * Ryan Conway (Community contributor)
  * Tricho Thomas (Community contributor)
  * Rick Ghaly (Community contributor)
  * Vino Torres (Community contributor)
  * Connor Carlile (Community contributor)
  * Peter Nehen (Community contributor)
  * Brad Albert (Community contributor)
  * Jacob Mendenhall (Community contributor)
  * Jackson Evans (Community contributor)
  * Michael Dee (Community contributor)
  * Otto Kremmer (Community contributor)
  * Michael R. Hughes (Community contributor)
  * Chad M. Lane (Community contributor)
  * Paul Smyle (Community contributor)
  * Aay Jay (Community contributor)
  * Nicholas Daswyrd (Community contributor)